Anatomy Midterm Exam Study Guide | Exams Anatomy | Docsity (2024)

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ANATOMY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE. anatomy - Correct answer the study of internal/external body structures and physical relationships physiology - Correct answer the study of how living organisms perform vital functions proximal - Correct answer term describing a body part as close to torso distal - Correct answer term describing a body part as further/more distant from the torso superior - Correct answer top or head region inferior - Correct answer bottom or foot region anterior - Correct answer front or belly region posterior - Correct answer backside region frontal/ coronal plane - Correct answer body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior regions sagittal plane - Correct answer body plane that divides the body between the left and the right transverse plane - Correct answer body plane that divides inferior and superior regions epithelial tissue - Correct answer tissue type that protects, secretes, absorbs connective tissue - Correct answer tissue type that protects, supports, binds together muscle tissue - Correct answer tissue type that provides the movement of body parts nerve tissue - Correct answer tissue type that allows for communication and coordination of body functions simple squamous epithelial tissue - Correct answer found in the alveoli of the lungs, lining of blood vessels; allows for rapid diffusion of substances, filtration, osmosis simple cuboidal epithelial tissue - Correct answer found in lining of kidney tubules ad ovaries; secretes and absorbs simple columnar epithelial tissue - Correct answer found in lining of most organs of the digestive tract; secretes digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients from food psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue - Correct answer found in lining of respiratory system; protects, secretes, and moves mucous stratified squamous epithelial tissue - Correct answer forms epidermis, found in lining of the throat and mouth; protects, prevents water loss and entry of chemicals or microorganisms transitional epithelial tissue - Correct answer found in inner lining of the bladder; protects, prevents contents of urinary tract from diffusing back into internal environment areolar connective tissue - Correct answer loose connective tissue; fills space between muscles, binds skin to organs, blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial tissue adipose connective tissue - Correct answer fat; beneath skin, between muscles, around kidneys, surface of heart, around joints, cushions joints/organs, insulates, stores energy dense connective tissue - Correct answer connective tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments calcitonin - Correct answer hormone released from the thyroid gland; inhibits the release of calcium from bone, lowers blood calcium levels, suppress osteoclasts and causes the release of Ca in urine thyroxine - Correct answer hormone released from the thyroid gland; raises metabolic rate estrogen - Correct answer hormone released from the ovaries; controls the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex organs in females, causes the regrowth of the uterus after menstruation progesterone - Correct answer hormone released from the ovaries; causes the maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy, stimulates breast development testosterone - Correct answer hormone released from the testes; controls the development of secondary sex characteristics and sex organs in males; stimulates sperm formation parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Correct answer hormone released from the parathyroid; stimulates the breakdown of bone and raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and causing the kidneys to conserve calcium thymosin - Correct answer hormone released from the thymus; regulates the production of white blood cells endocrine system - Correct answer organ system that includes cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones directly into the body fluids to help regulate metabolic processes such as chemical reactions, reproduction, growth and development hormone - Correct answer biochemicals secreted by a cell that affect the function of another cell negative feedback - Correct answer feedback system that controls hormone secretion, regulates amounts of hormones available by detecting when blood levels rise above homeostasis and inhibiting hormone production target cell - Correct answer the cell that is affected by a hormone steroid hormones - Correct answer hormones derived from cholesterol (fat) peptide hormones - Correct answer amino acid based hormones (protein) prostaglandins - Correct answer hormone-like lipids (fat), act more locally than hormones, only have an effect on the organ where they're produced diabetes insipidus - Correct answer disorder caused by a deficiency of ADH pituitary dwarfism - Correct answer disorder caused by a deficiency of HGH in adolescence gigantism - Correct answer disorder caused by an overproduction of HGH in adolescence diabetes mellitus (type 1) - Correct answer an autoimmune disease; disorder where the immune system attacks the cells that synthesize insulin (juvenile) diabetes mellitus (type 2) - Correct answer disorder where body cells loose sensitivity to insulin; insulin deficiency, inhibits conversion of glucose to glycogen grave's disease - Correct answer hyperthyroidism; disorder where the thyroid gland enlarges causing a goiter and elevated metabolic rate cretinism - Correct answer hypothyroidism in infants; thyroid deficiency myxedema - Correct answer hypothyroidism in adults; thyroid deficiency, low metabolic rate cushing's syndrome - Correct answer hypersecretion of cortisol, increased fat around the neck, arms, and legs addison's disease - Correct answer hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone skeletal system - Correct answer organ system that provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production support - Correct answer function of the skeletal system that provides a framework, supports soft tissue, and provides points of attachment for skeletal muscle protection - Correct answer function of the skeletal system that protects internal organs (skull: brain, ribs: heart and lungs) movement - Correct answer function of the skeletal system where muscles contract and pull on the bones mineral storage - Correct answer function of the skeletal system where a homeostasis mechanism deposits and removes calcium or phosphorous on demand blood cell production - Correct answer function of the skeletal system where red bone marrow produces blood cells in hematopoiesis storage of energy - Correct answer function of the skeletal system where yellow bone marrow stores lipids- a source of chemical energy periosteum - Correct answer serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments osteoblasts - Correct answer bone-forming cells osteocytes - Correct answer mature bone-forming cells fibrous joint - Correct answer type of joint found in the skull (no movement) cartilaginous joint - Correct answer type of joint found in the vertebrae (limited movement) synovial articulating joint - Correct answer type of joint that is highly moveable hair - Correct answer accessory structure composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells nails - Correct answer accessory structure composed of dead, keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells arrector pili muscle - Correct answer muscle that surrounds the hair follicle and contracts when a person is cold or frightened causing goose bumps melanin - Correct answer pigment responsible for skin color albinism - Correct answer when a person is unable to produce melanin matrix - Correct answer the material between cells in connective tissue that consists of fibers and ground substance collagenous - Correct answer type of fiber found in the matrix; thick threads of protein, flexible, holds things together elastic - Correct answer type of fiber found in the matrix; elastin protein, weaker than collagenous fibers, stretches easily; vocal chords basal cell carcinoma - Correct answer most prevalent type of skin cancer melanoma - Correct answer rarest but most dangerous type of skin cancer squamous cell carcinoma - Correct answer second most prevalent type of skin cancer and least deadly fascicle - Correct answer bundle of muscle fibers/cells perimysium - Correct answer connective tissue surrounding fascicles epimysium - Correct answer connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle endomysium - Correct answer connective tissue surrounding individual fibers myosin - Correct answer thick filaments in muscle tissue actin - Correct answer thin filaments in muscle tissue sarcomere - Correct answer functional contractile unit of a muscle z line - Correct answer squigly line on the ends of a sarcomere; mark boundaries between sarcomeres m line - Correct answer dark line down the middle of a sarcomere/a band a band - Correct answer band of sarcomere made up of the thick filaments i band - Correct answer band of sarcomere made up of the thin filaments h band - Correct answer band of sarcomere made up only of thick filaments muscle energy source - Correct answer creatine phosphate, aerobic and an aerobic respiration muscle contraction - Correct answer ca released in large amounts, ca moves troponin and tropmyosin out of the way of myosin, myosin grabs actin in a powerstroke, atp causes myosin to release actin, repeat this until the muscle can no longer contract or muscle relaxes muscle relaxation - Correct answer nerve impulse stops, acetylcholine is no longer released at neuromuscular junction, ca is removed, troponin and tropmyosin go back to blocking myosin from actin, atp breaks the linkage between myosin and actin, muscle fibers relax sliding filament theory - Correct answer myosin and actin can bind without either of them contracting just bind together using bridges rigor mortis - Correct answer ca released but cannot be picked up by myosin because the body is no longer producing atp making the muscles remain contracted and stiff muscular dystrophy - Correct answer sex-linked muscular disease found on x chromosome myasthenia gravis - Correct answer autoimmune disease that attacks neurotransmitters on muslces (acetylcholine) muscle strains - Correct answer tear in part or all of the muscle muscle cramps - Correct answer unconscious contraction of a muscle caused by dehydration, muscle fatigue, poor circulation, damage to muscle, or low blood k, mg, or ca tetanus - Correct answer muscle poison that overstimulates a muscle; caused by clostridium tetani botulism - Correct answer muscle poison that blocks the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions causing the muscle to become paralyzed and unable to contract; caused by clostridium botulinum central and peripheral - Correct answer divisions of the nervous system somatic - Correct answer voluntary action in the nervous system; control of skeletal muscle contractions autonomic - Correct answer involuntary action in the nervous system; regulates smooth/cardiac muscle, grandular secretions afferent - Correct answer branch of peripheral nervous system that delivers sensory info from receptors to the CNS- sensory neurons efferent - Correct answer branch of peripheral nervous system that carries motor commands from the CNS to target organs- motor neurons sympathetic - Correct answer part of nervous system that activates fight/flight responses in the body when the body is stressed/excited- accelerator parasympathetic - Correct answer part of nervous system that activates the body for rest/digestion when the body is tired/relaxing- brake association neuron - Correct answer interneuron, takes impulses from one part of the CNS to another part in the CNS temporal - Correct answer lobe in the brain that controls hearing thalamus - Correct answer structure in the brain that monitors and filters the senses hypothalamus - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls the endocrine system; homeostasis cerebellum - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls coordination midbrain - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls reflexes medulla oblongata - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls essential functions pons - Correct answer structure in the brain that bridges impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum corpus callosum - Correct answer structure in the brain that connects the 2 hemispheres olfactory lobes - Correct answer structure in the brain that control smell hippocampus - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls memory storage amygdale - Correct answer structure in the brain that processes emotion and experiences brocas area - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls the formation of speech wernickes area - Correct answer structure in the brain that controls the understanding of speech gray matter - Correct answer matter found in the brain composed of cell bodies and dendrites white matter - Correct answer matter found in the brain composed of myelinated axons gyri - Correct answer raised folds in the brain sulci - Correct answer deep grooves in the brain microglia - Correct answer glial cell in the CNS that is a specialized white blood cell and destroys foreign substances astrocytes - Correct answer glial cell in the CNS that builds up the blood brain barrier oliogodendrocytes - Correct answer glial cells in the CNS that myelinate axons ependymal - Correct answer glial cells in the CNS that excrete cerebrospinal fluid dura mater - Correct answer meninge that serves as a tough outer cover in of the brain arachnoid mater - Correct answer meninge that serves as the blood brain barrier pia mater - Correct answer meninge that is the most inner layer olfactory - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling smell optic - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling vision oculomotor - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling eye movement trochlea - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling inferior eye movement trigeminal - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling the senses on the face, oral cavity, tongue, teeth, and ear; controls chewing abducens - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling lateral eye movement facial - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling the sense of taste; controls facial expressions and tears vestibulochlear - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling hearing glossopharyngeal - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling O2 and CO2 levels to the brain; saliva vagus - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling the sense and movement of fight/flight responses accessory - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling the movement of the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid hypoglossal - Correct answer cranial nerve controlling tongue movement